Current Research
Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
As of February 2024, I have a position as a research scientist at the Yale PET Center within the Yale School of Medicine.
I was previously an Instructor/Associate in Physics in the El Fakhri Lab, part of the Gordon Center for Medical Imaging (formerly the Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences) at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS).
I was contributing to the development of a novel approach for adaptive Positron Emission Tomography (PET) monitoring of Proton Beam Therapy using endogenously generated positrons. It is important, but difficult, to verify the delivery of dose for proton therapy, and PET is currently the best option for monitoring dose delivery in vivo. As they pass through matter, therapeutic protons create positron-emitting radionuclides that can be imaged with a PET camera. The radionuclides arise through different physics mechanisms than the dose and are thus not directly relatable. We are investigating methods for relating the PET images to planned dose and assessing the accuracy of the treatment.
Lab Website: My Research page
The powerpoint slideshow below gives a quick overview of the PET for monitoring proton therapy project:
(download)
Animation showing proton irradiation and subsequent PET activity
IOP physics world did a short video about the PET monitoring of proton therapy project (and I'm in about 2 seconds of it).
A video giving an overview of the more typical use of PET, for tumor detection, was created for a learner.org chemistry course: Kinetics and Nuclear Chemistry (I'm in about 10 seconds of this one). The PET part starts at 20:30 and is about 8 minutes long.
Selected Publications
- T. Pan, S.A. Einstein, S.C. Kappadath, K.S. Grogg, C. Lois Gomez, A.M. Alessio, W.C. Hunter, G. El Fakhri, P.E. Kinahan, O.R. Mawlawi. “Performance evaluation of the 5-Ring GE Discovery MI PET/CT system using the national electrical manufacturers association NU 2-2012 Standard.” Med Phys. 2019 Jul;46(7):3025-3033.
- F.H. Fahey, K. Grogg, G. El Fakhri, “Use of Monte Carlo Techniques in Nuclear Medicine”, J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 Mar;15(3 Pt A):446-448
- J. Cho, K. Grogg, C.H. Min, X. Zhu, H. Paganetti, H.C. Lee, G. El Fakhri. “Feasibility study of using fall-off gradients of early and late PET scans for proton range verification." Med Phys. 2017;
- K. Grogg, T. Toole, J. Ouyang, X. Zhu, M. Normandin, Q. Li, K. Johnson, N.M. Alpert and G. El Fakhri, “National Electrical Manufacturers Association and Clinical Evaluation of a Novel Brain PET/CT Scanner.” J Nucl Med. 2016 Apr;57(4):646-52.
- K. Grogg, N.M. Alpert, X. Zhu, C.H. Min, M. Testa, B.A. Winey, M. Normandin, H.A. Shih, H. Paganetti, T. Bortfeld, and G. El Fakhri, “Mapping (15)O production rate for proton therapy verification.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015 Jun 1;92(2):453-9.
- C.H. Min, X. Zhu, K. Grogg, G. El Fakhri, B. Winey, H. Paganetti. "A Recommendation on How to Analyze In-Room PET for In Vivo Proton Range Verification Using a Distal PET Surface Method." Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2015 Jun;14(3):320-5.
- C.H. Min, X. Zhu, B.A. Winey, K. Grogg, M. Testa, G. El Fakhri, T.R. Bortfeld, H. Paganetti, H.A. Shih. "Clinical Application of In-Room Positron Emission Tomography for In Vivo Treatment Monitoring in Proton Radiation Therapy." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 May 1;86(1):183-9.
- K. Grogg, X. Zhu, C.H. Min, B.A. Winey, T. Bortfeld, H. Paganetti, H.A. Shih, and G. El Fakhri. "Feasibility of using distal endpoints for In-room PET Range Verification of Proton Therapy." IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2013 Oct;60(5):3290-3297.
Conference Abstracts
- K. Grogg, X. Zhu, H. Shih, N. Aplert, G. El Fakhri, Radiation Therapy Induced Changes to Biological Washout of Proton-Produced PET Isotopes. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Manchester, England, November 2019.
- K. Grogg, X. Zhu, H. Shih, N. Aplert, G. El Fakhri, Proton Range Verification with PET Imaging in Brain and Head and Neck Cancers. SNMMI Annual Meeting, Phildelphia, PA, June 2018.
- K. Grogg, X. Zhu, D. Wu, K. Jee, R. Zhang, E. Baer, H. Lu, G. El Fakhri, Evaluation of Dual-Energy CT Material Characterization for PET Verification of Proton Therapy. IEEE-MIC, Strasbourg, France, November 2016
- Oral presentation "In-Vivo Monitoring of Proton Therapy with PET: Biological Considerations" IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Seattle, WA, 2014
- Poster for IEEE-NSS/MIC 2013, Seoul, Korea, October 2013, entitled "Feasibility of using 18O-enriched phantoms for PET range verification of proton therapy treatment planning."
- K. Grogg, X. Zhu, C.H. Min, B.A. Winey, T. Bortfeld, H. Paganetti and G. El Fakhri. "Feasibility of using distal endpoints for In-room PET Range Verification of Proton Therapy." IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Anaheim, California, October 2012.
Past Research
Experimental High Energy Physics
I did my graduate research with the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) group at the University of Wisconsin physics department.
I measured the cross section of the W boson produced in association with jets using 32 pb-1 of data, and compared it to Monte Carlo predictions.
Here comes the science: When two protons collide at very high energies (travelling 99.9999964% the speed of light), they can convert some of that energy into new particles. My group was searching for collisions in which a massive "W" particle (~80x the proton mass) was created. We measured how many collisions produced this W particle along with at least one other collection of particles known as "jets" for the way they spread out their energy in the detector. The frequency of finding this type of outcome from proton-proton collisions can be predicted with quantum field theory, so we simulated events based on the theory to compare to our measurements. W+jets events are not new to the LHC. They have been measured and studied before, such as at the Tevatron. However, it is important to first understand these sorts of "known" events to be able to weed them out and find new particles, such as the Higgs Boson.
I also helped maintain the Regional Calorimeter Trigger (RCT) by developing software to regularly test the hardware, and PVSS software to monitor the temperature, voltages, and online status.
Selected Publications
- K.S. Grogg, Jets produced in association with W-bosons in CMS at the LHC, CERN-THESIS-2011-064, August 2011.
- CMS Collaboration. Jet Production Rates in Association with W and Z Bosons in pp Collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. Journal of High Energy Physics, 01, 2012.
Conference Proceedings
- K.S. Grogg on behalf of the CMS Collaboration, “Rates of Jets Produced in Association with W and Z Bosons,” Proceedings of the DPF-2011 Conference, Providence, RI, August 8-13, 2011.
- P. Klabbers et al (2008). “Operation and monitoring of the CMS regional calorimeter trigger hardware” CERN-2008-008 Prepared for Topical Workshop on Electronics for Particle physics TWEPP 2008, Naxos, Greece, 15-19 Sep 2008. Published in *Naxos 2008, Electronics for particle physics* 133-137.
Undergrad
This isn't exactly original research, but my senior thesis at Carleton was on the physics of wind turbines.